PERATURAN DAN KEBIJAKAN NASIONAL DALAM PENGELOLAAN PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT DI INDONESIA: ASPEK BUDIDAYA, PEMANFAATAN, PENGEMBANGAN, PERIZINAN, TATA RUANG, DAN TANGGUNG JAWAB SOSIAL PERUSAHAAN TERHADAP MASYARAKAT LOKAL
Keywords:
Oil palm plantations, national policy, Plantation Law, ISPO, oil palm licensing, spatial planning, CSR, plasma partnerships, agrarian conflicts, oil palm sustainabilityAbstract
This study analyses national regulations and policies on oil palm plantation management in Indonesia, covering aspects of cultivation, utilisation, development, licensing, spatial planning, and corporate social responsibility towards local communities, using a legal-normative approach through a literature review of Law 39 of 2014 on Plantations, its derivative regulations, ISPO certification, and various related literature. The results of the analysis show that the national regulatory framework is normatively comprehensive in regulating the principles of sustainability, core-plasma partnerships, and CSR obligations. but its implementation in the field still faces gaps such as the lack of synchronisation between permits and spatial planning, recurring agrarian conflicts, formalistic implementation of CSR, and unequal benefits for smallholders. Therefore, regulatory harmonisation, strengthened supervision, digitisation of licensing, and empowerment of local mediation are needed to realise sustainable, inclusive, and socially equitable palm oil management.
References
Abidin, J. Z. (2023). Tata kelola industri kelapa sawit berkelanjutan dalam mendukung biodiesel. Journal of ASEAN Studies and Sustainability, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.61511/jassu.v1i1.2023.136
Astari, A. J. (2025). Sustainable pathways in Indonesia’s palm oil industry: A historical institutionalism perspective. Sustainable Futures. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2024.100308
Astuti, R. (2022). Making illegality visible: The governance dilemmas created by Indonesia’s One Map Policy. Land Use Policy, 112, 105833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105833
Brandão, F. (2019). Indonesian oil palm concession policy and social sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 227, 625–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.189
Colchester, M. (2024). Corporate contentious politics: Palm oil companies and land conflicts in Indonesia. Journal of Rural Studies. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103482
Eliyah, E., & Aslan, A. (2025). STAKE’S EVALUATION MODEL: METODE PENELITIAN. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Indonesia, 3(2), Article 2.
Gatto, M. (2021). Oil palm boom and land-use change in Indonesia: Governance challenges. Environmental Science & Policy, 116, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.11.005
Green, B. N., Johnson, C. D., & Adams, A. (2006). Writing Narrative Literature Reviews for Peer-Reviewed Journals. Chiropractic & Manual Therapies, 52–57.
Hidayat, N. K. (2021). Implementasi Kebijakan Indonesia Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) dan Konflik Agraria. Jurnal Kebijakan Publik, Universitas Indonesia. https://fisip.ui.ac.id/implementasi-kebijakan-indonesia-sustainable-palm-oil-ispo-dan-konflik-agraria/[web:21]
Hutabarat, S. (2021). Smallholder oil palm farmers’ adoption of sustainable practices in Indonesia. Land Use Policy, 104, 105340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105340
Jelsma, I. (2020). Certifying sustainability: The case of Indonesian palm oil. Global Environmental Change, 65, 102161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102161
Leonaldi, I. (2021). CSR implementation in Indonesian palm oil plantations: Community perceptions. Journal of Business Ethics, 172(3), 587–603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04492-5
Liana, L. (2023). Kendala Penerapan Sertifikasi Keberlanjutan Kelapa Sawit Rakyat di Indonesia. Dinamika Pertanian, 39(2), 131–140. https://doi.org/10.25299/dp.2023.vol39(2).16426
Novrini, S. (2025). Government Policies and Their Impact on Palm Oil Agribusiness. International Journal of Organizational and Social Science. https://doi.org/10.60083/ijoss.v4i2.869
Nugroho, A. (2025). Implementasi Program Kemitraan Plasma Kelapa Sawit: Evaluasi Kebijakan Daerah. Jurnal Pemerintahan, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta. https://ejournal.upnvj.ac.id/pp/article/view/11992[web:33]
Pasaribu, A. P. (2025). Strengthening Indonesia’s sustainable palm oil policy. Journal of Social Science, Education and Welfare. https://doi.org/10.61511/jassew.v3i1.2025.2278
Pasimura, I. (2022). Impact of Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) Certification on Environmental Behavior. Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science. https://doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v26n2.2022.p45-56
Pirard, R. (2020). The governance of the palm oil sector in Indonesia: Actors, interests and strategies. Environmental Policy and Governance, 30(6), 405–417. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1907
Pratiwi, R., & Santoso, A. (2022). Implementasi Kebijakan dan Program Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) pada Perusahaan Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit. Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Berkelanjutan, IPB University. https://journal.ipb.ac.id/jpsl/article/download/33409/21121[web:23]
Rist, L. (2021). Evaluating the evidence base for the social impact of sustainable palm oil certification. Agricultural Systems, 191, 102728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.102728
Santika, T. (2020). Palm oil companies and land conflicts in Indonesia: Governance dilemmas. Land Use Policy, 99, 104988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104988
Santika, T. (2021). Social and environmental impacts of palm oil expansion in Indonesia. Global Environmental Change, 67, 102246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102246
Santoso, B. (2022). Kajian Sosiologi terhadap Implementasi Program Perkebunan Inti Rakyat Kelapa Sawit. Jurnal Sosiologi Agraria, Universitas Nasional. https://journal.unas.ac.id/populis/article/view/4013/1823[web:37]
Sari, D. P. (2023). Konflik Sosial Masyarakat dengan Perusahaan Sawit: Studi Kasus Kecamatan Sentra Perkebunan. Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Publik, Universitas Tanjungpura. https://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jiapora/article/download/41498/75676586447[web:22]
Suharto, R. (2021). Land conflicts and oil palm expansion in Indonesia: The role of customary rights. World Development, 138, 105208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105208
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 39 Tahun 2014 tentang Perkebunan. (2014). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/38807/uu-no-39-tahun-2014[web:1]
Vijay, V. (2021). The distributional footprint of oil palm expansion in Indonesia. Nature Sustainability, 4(10), 1001–1009. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00776-8
Widodo, S. (2023). Model Kemitraan Inti-Plasma pada Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit: Dampak Sosial Ekonomi. Jurnal Agribisnis Dan Ekonomi Pertanian, Universitas Palangka Raya. https://e-journal.upr.ac.id/index.php/aev/article/download/1706/1562[web:30]
Yohana, L. (2023). Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Masyarakat melalui Program Plasma Perkebunan Sawit [Institut Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri]. http://eprints.ipdn.ac.id/23957/1/Repository_Lulu%20Yohana.pdf[web:36]
